什么叫'五段式'论证
一,五段论式:
................引言段............................
.................论证段(2-3).....................
.................让步段............................
.................结尾段............................
<一>开头段:旗帜鲜明的说出自己的论点:
A> 引题 1)一般用3.4句介绍当前的形式和现象
not uncommom, be of no exception,
spirited consolation 精神安慰
2)介绍双方观点some people argue(maintain, claim, suggest, hold, insisit)give priority to ,put the first place
3)提问 how can we solve the problem
4)结合使用
5)连续发问式(3,4个,语言要求高)
6)个人经历式(过去式,不要过长)
7)欲扬先抑式:先说对方观点的好处，不过用嘲讽的语气.
8)名人名言及谚语式
B>说出观点 1-2句
1)直接说出 I think (believe hold )that
I would point out that
I cannot help thinking
It seems quite clear to me that
In my point, ..........as far as i am concerned
From /in my point of view
As far as I am able to judge
As far as I tell
As I see it
The way I look at it is
2)用一个让步状语,先说出对方观点,再说自己的观点
Although, while, despite
3)先说一个观点,然后说出自己是否同意如果同意:
I absolutely/completely agree with /to it (the opinion/ point /solution /suggestion)
I could not agree more to...
I would go alone with...
I am for
I vote for
...is absolutely true
...is what I think
...is exactly /just how I see it
object:
I really cannot accept it
i wonder whether it can hold water /bear much analysis
4)引题已经说出双方观点,说明自己同意哪一个
5)在介绍双方观点是顺便说出自己的
One.... others.... including me /like me, and that is also my opinion.
<二>论证段?
主题句+支持句+(结尾句)
A>topic sentence(主题句)
1.一定要有,放在句首
2.意思明确,结构简单(pl 见笔记9)
3.主题句要有表示程度的连接词,但最好不要用firstly也不要每个主题句都有这些连接词
4.主题句不能太具体，也不能特别抽象
5.主题句不能包括恋歌不同含义的并列内容
B>supporting sentences(支持句)
1.每个理由段要写3-5句支持句.
2.支持句应该大部分是复杂的句子.
3.写支持句的三种思路:
1)并列论证(平行论证):几个小点
递进论证
2)事实论证:讲故事 或 具体的事物
3)对比论证:说两个对方不好,再说三个自己的好
4.五种论据
1)事实
2)
3)统计数据
4)名人名言
5)假设 imagine, suppose if
5.写的连贯
1)用连接词(详见单词书201)
因果:because,as ,for ,since, lead to ,result in (from), contribute to consequently, hence ,so ,therefore, as a result ,as a consequence, accordingly
递进:furthermore, what's more ,moreover,incidentally, meanwhile, besides, particularly. similarly at the same time , in addition,
转折:but ,however, conversely ,anyway, desptie,
although ,though , likewise, nevertherless ,otherwise, after all, all the same (虽然,但是) at the same time (可是) not withstanding(虽然) on the contrary
PS: 连词:because ,as ,for ,since, even if , although when 主句.conj+从句
副词:主句,adv,主句
2)使用代词
3)关键词的重复要用同义词
C>conclusion sentence (optional)
1.改写本理由段主题句
2.引起下一理由段
PS:可以平均分配,但最好有所重点,把写的多的好的放在第一段,但也不要相差悬殊(6.5.4; 6 4 4 7 5 4)
<三>让步段(可选择)
1.内容:自己观点的不好，别人观点的好
2.目的:顶字,平衡而客观
3.选材避重就轻
4.在让步段的最后最好又回到自己的观点上来:
1)自己观点的不好都能解决
2)对方更大的不好
3)自己更大的好
<四>结尾段
1.重申观点
2,改写各理由段的主题句
3.结合现实,展望未来，提出解决问题的建议，提出希望,名人名言谚语,反问，类比.
4.结合